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Care, Handling & Enrichment

This page contains information for both primate veterinarians and other animal care professionals, including anesthesia, formularies, environmental enrichment and behavioral management, handling, housing, training and other general animal care topics.

See also: Primate Enrichment Forum, our email discussion list for professionals interested in animal care and environmental enrichment for nonhuman primates.

Anesthesia, Analgesia & Medications

• 2000 Report of the AVMA Panel on Euthanasia  (PDF file)
• A Reference Source for Analgesia & Analgesics in Animals  (Animal Welfare Information Center, December 2000)
• Anesthesia and Analgesia  (Center for Comparative Medicine, University of Virginia)
• Anesthesia and Analgesia of Macaques  (University of Iowa)
• Emory University's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee NHP Anesthesia Policy  (Dated June 25, 2002)
• Euthanasia Guidelines  (University of Minnesota Research Animal Resources)
• Human Exposure and Adverse Drugs Reaction from Vetalar  (ketamine hydrochloride) (from OSHA, include information on correct use and dosage of drug)
• Veterinary Formulary  (University of Minnesota)
• Veterinary Guidelines for Anesthetics: Nonhuman Primates  (Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University)

Enrichment for All Animals

• A History of Enrichment  (by Arnold Chamove)
• Annotated Bibliography on Refinement and Environmental Enrichment for Primates kept in Laboratories  
• CCAC Guidelines on: The Care and Use of Wildlife  (PDF)
• Enrichment 101: A Basic Overview  
• Enrichment Online  (Fort Worth Zoo)
• Guidelines for the Care and Use of Mammals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research  (Committee on Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research, National Research Council)
• Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals  (2006)
• Humane Handling, Care, Treatment and Transportation of Dogs, Cats and Nonhuman Primates  (APHIS, Dept. of Agriculture, 1991)
• Institutional Animal Care and Use Guidebook, 2nd ed.  (Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, NIH, 2002, PDF)
• Resolution on the accommodation and care of laboratory animals - submission by FELASA to the Multilateral Consultation, February 1997  
• The Use of Behavioral Management Techniques to Reduce or Eliminate Abnormal Behavior  (by Gail Laule, 1993)

Enrichment for Nonhuman Primates

• A Vaccination Schedule for Primates  (by Catherine Johnson-Delaney, D.V.M)
• Association of Primate Veterinarians Formulary  (Microsoft Excel file, compiled by D. Rick Lee, DVM and CJ Doane, DVM)
• Best Practice in the Accommodation and Care of Primates Used in Scientific Procedures  (PDF, Medical Research Council, UK)
• Catarrhine Cafe Cookbook  (Primate treat recipes, from the Washington NPRC)
• Comfortable Quarters for Nonhuman Primates in Research Institutions  
• Emory University's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Environmental Enrichment Policy for Non-Human Primates (PDF)  
• Environmental Enrichment -- Operant Conditioning  (Bibliography by Peggy O'Neill-Wagner)
• Environmental Enrichment for Nonhuman Primates Resource Guide: July 2006  (Animal Welfare Information Center)
• Environmental Enrichment for Nonhuman Primates: An Annotated Bibliography for Animal Care Personnel  (by Viktor Reinhardt, Annie Reinhardt and David Seelig)
• Environmental Enrichment for Nonhuman Primates: An Annotated Database  (by Viktor Reinhardt and Annie Reinhardt)
• Environmental Enrichment for Nonhuman Primates: Theory and Application  (Corrine K. Lutz and Melinda A. Novak, ILAR Journal, 2005, PDF)
• Infant Primate Research Laboratory Research Protocol & Technician's Manual: A Guide to the Care, Feeding, & Evaluation of Infant Monkeys  (2nd ed., by Gerald C. Ruppenthal & Gene P. Sackett)
• IPS International Guidelines for the Acquisition, Care and Breeding of Nonhuman Primates  (2nd ed., 2007)
• Laboratory Primate Newsletter Articles on Environmental Enrichment and Psychological Well-Being (1984-2006)  
• Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates: Second Revised Edition  (full text from National Academies Press)
• Primate Enrichment Forum  
• Primate Pathology  
• Primate sensory capabilities and communication signals: implications for care and use in the laboratory  (by Dr. Mark Prescott, National Center for the Replacement, Refinement and Reducation of Animals in Research)
• Restraint Methods of Laboratory Non-Human Primates: A Critical Review  (Animal Welfare Institute)
• The Implications of Non-Invasive and Remote Monitoring Techniques for Non-Human Primate Research and Husbandry  
• The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates  (a 1998 report of the Committee on Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, National Research Council)
• Training Laboratory-Housed Nonhuman Primates: A Survey of Current Practice in the UK  (by Mark Prescott and Hannah Buchanan-Smith, PDF)
• Training nonhuman primates to cooperate during handling procedures: a review  (by Viktor Reinhardt)

Enrichment for Apes

• Animal Behavior Concerns and Solutions: Ape Training Evaluation  (Ark Animals)
• Animal Behavior Concerns and Solutions: Orangutan Evaluation  
• Chimpanzees in Research: Strategies for Their Ethical Care, Management and Use  
• Effects of the environment on the behaviour of gorillas in zoos  (PDF, by Angela Meder, Primate Report 32, 1992)
• From Laboratory to More Natural Enclosures: Maintaining the Well-Being of Captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) by Sue Howell, Melanie Schwandt, Jo Fritz, and Sandy Walker  (From Laboratory Primate Newsletter, includes appendix of positive and negative behaviors)

Enrichment for New World Monkeys

• Callitrichid Conservation  
• Caring for Marmosets and Tamarins  
• Cotton-top Tamarin Web Page  (includes husbandry manual)
• Nutrition and Husbandry of Callithrichids  
• Recomendaciones Generales para el Manejo de Monos Aulladores y Araña Huérfanos Víctimas del Trafico Ilegal  (Management and Husbandry of Captive Howler and Spider monkeys, in Spanish)

Enrichment for Old World Monkeys

• Animal Behavior Concerns and Solutions: Guinea Baboon Evaluation  
• Artificial Weaning of Old World Monkeys: Benefits and Costs  (by Viktor Reinhardt)
• Environmental Enrichment for Caged Macaques  
• The Wisconsin Gnawing Stick  (by Viktor Reinhardt, 1997)

Enrichment for Prosimians

• Animal Behavior Concerns and Solutions: Lemur (Eulemur fulvus) Evaluation  (Ark Animals)

Housing, Caging, Enclosures

• CCAC Guidelines on Laboratory Animal Facilities -- Characteristics, Design and Development  (PDF)
• Electric Barrier Fencing For Primates  (by Arthur Hunt)
• NIH Nonhuman Primate Management Plan  
• Refinements in primate husbandry  (National Center for the Replacement, Refinement and Reducation of Animals in Research)
• Social Housing of Previously Singly-Caged Macaques: What Are the Options and the Risks?  (by V. Reinhardt, C. Liss and C. Stevens)
• The Housing of Non-Human Primates Used for Experimental Research and Other Scientific Purposes: Issues for Consideration  

Training

• Laboratory Animal Management Association  
• Laboratory Animal Welfare Training Exchange  
• Training Materials for Animal Facility Personnel  (1995 bibliography)
• Working With Nonhuman Primates in Research Settings  (ResearchTraining.Org)

Other

• SSP/TAG Veterinary Advisors