Behavior Bibliography
BOOKS
Goodall, Jane. In The Shadow of Man. New York: Houghton-Mifflin
Press, 1971.
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The story of Goodall's behavioral observation of chimpanzees in Africa.
Useful appendices in this work include "Stages of Development", showing
infant behaviors at various ages; "Facial Expressions and Calls", with
accompanying drawings; "Weapon and Tool Use"; and "Diet". Written for the
general reader and containing many photos, this book is the story of both
the scientist and her subjects.
Goodall, Jane. The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Pattern. of Behavior. Cambridge,
Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1986.
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Filled with information, the book describes the results of more than 30 years of
watching chimpanzees in Gombe. It begins with a short history of laboratory research
on chimpanzees, including studies aimed at examining their capacity to learn language
and other mental abilities. Included is information on what happened to all the
chimpanzees featured in Goodall's other books and videos, but the book concentrates
on the results of her research. Details on chimpanzee behavior include communication
and social relationships; friendly behavior; grooming; aggression; dominance;
reproduction and sexual behavior; territoriality; hunting and meat eating; and tool
use. The writing makes the information accessible to both general reader and specialist.
This is an excellent resource for more information about chimpanzees.
Jolly, Alison. Evolution of Primate Behavior, 2nd ed.
New York: MacMillan, 1985.
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This intoductory college text looks at primate behavior in an ecological
and psychological context. Topics covered include communication and language,
growing up in a troop, aggression, play, sexual behavior and tool use. There is
much information about the mental abilities of non-human primates. Numerous
photographs and anecdotes from the primate literature make it a readable text.
Kummer, Hans. Primate Societies: Group Techniques of Ecological Adaptation.
Chicago: Aldine, 1971.
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In this classic study, Kummer examines daily life in the Hamadryas
baboon society. Using this information on one terrestrial primate
species, Kummer proceeds to a more generalized characterization of
other primate societies, particularly terrestrial species, and
discusses how primates adapt to their environment. The book ends
with a comparison of humans to non-human primates.
Richard, Alison F. Primates in Nature. New York: W. H. Freeman, 1985.
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A highly detailed but readable summary of ecological studies on
prosimians, monkeys and apes. This book examines such questions
as why primates live mainly in the tropics, what primates eat, the
relationship between habitat and social organization, and what part
primates play in natural communities of plants and other animals. A
good source for questions and answers about primate ecology, for
readers with an understanding of basic biological concepts.
Smuts, Barbara B, et al., eds. Primate Societies.
Chicago: University of Chicago, 1986.
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This work examines social relationships and behavior across a
variety of primate species, reviewing knowledge attained through
recent field studies. Forty chapters, by a cross-section of primate
experts, look at many aspects of primates, from care of offspring to
conservation of primates and their habitats. Not for the casual reader,
this book is the best single source to find out what scientists have
learned about primates as social animals. The bibliography is extensive.
Strier, Karen B. Faces in the Forest: The Endangered Muriqui
Monkeys of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
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Karen Strier describes a decade-long study of the ecology and
behavior of the muriqui monkeys of Brazil; the first days of her
field studies in the rainforest; and the theoretical framework and
methodology on which her research was based. Strier also discusses
conservation of this highly endangered species and its habitat.
Strum, Shirley C. Almost Human: A Journey Into The World of
Baboons. New York: Random House, 1987.
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A personal story of Strum's work with the "Pumphouse Gang" of
baboons in Kenya. The personalities and behavior of the baboons
is only part of the story. Strum details the problems that develop
when baboons and humans clash. Her growing understanding of the
needs of humans results in a major change for the baboons -- the
relocation of entire groups. The book includes many photographs
and an illustrated appendix of gestural communication in baboons.
de Waal, Frans B. M. Peacemaking Among Primates.
Cambridge, Mass., London: Harvard University Press, 1989.
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In this award winning book, Frans de Waal presents information on
how and why primates, with their reputation for aggressive behavior,
are able to maintain social relationships within their group. The
social structure and reconciliation behavior of four species --
chimpanzees, bonobos, rhesus and stumptail macaques -- is presented
in a lively and readable style. The final chapter looks at the peacemaking
skills of humans.
AUDIOVISUAL MATERIAL
Among The Wild Chimpanzees. Produced by the National Geographic
Society, Washington, DC. Distributed by Vestron Video, PO Box 4000, Stamford, CT
06907. (VHS; colt, sd.; 59 min.: 1984)
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In 1960, Jane Goodall set out for Tanzania's remote Gombe Stream Game
Reserve to study the behavior of the chimpanzee and has since made
extensive observations about the personalities and lives of a wild
chimp community. This program looks at two landmark decades of Goodall's
work, including her discovery of chimpanzees making and using tools.
Because of its long running time, the video is recommended for grades
9-12. [See Introduction to Chimpanzee Behavior for younger students.]
Animal Families: The Monkey. Produced and distributed
by Barr Films, 1201 Schabarum Avenue, PO Box 7878, Irwindale, CA 91706-7878,
Phone: (818) 338-7878. Copyrighted by Video Japonica. (VHS; colt, sd.; 11 min.: 1986)
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This film explores the life of the macaque -- the use of fingers and
thumbs to manipulate food and to groom one another; feeding habits;
climbing ability; social organization; parental care; and a degree of
intelligence that enables simple problem solving. The film illustrates
the macaque's food and habitat, and follows a troop's movement from
highland forests to lower elevations. Recommended for grades 3-6.
Baboons [Zoo Animals in the Wild series]. Produced and
distributed by Coronet Films and Video, 108 Wilmot Road, Deerfield, IL
60015. (VHS; colt, sd.; 7 min.: 1981)
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A young narrator introduces a baboon troop as it searches for food
and avoids predators. Baboons are shown foraging on the ground and
in trees, fighting and chasing, grooming, playing, climbing and feeding.
Followup questions are included with the video. An excellent video for grades K-3.
Baboon Behavior. Produced by the Dept. of Anthropology
and Extension Media Center, University of California - Berkeley. Distributed
by the Extension Media Center, UC - Berkeley, 2223 Fulton St., Berkeley, CA
94720. (VHS; colt sd.; 31 min.: 1960)
Baboon Social Organization. Produced by the Dept. of
Anthropology and Extension Media Center, University of California - Berkeley.
Distributed by the Extension Media Center, UC - Berkeley, 2223 Fulton St.,
Berkeley, CA 94720. (VHS; colt sd.; 17 min.: 1963)
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The two above videos are based on early studies of savanna baboons in
Africa. Through a combination of film and graphics, many concepts of
primate social organization are introduced, including the dominance hierarchy,
different social roles of males and females, and relationships among juvenile
peers. The Behavior video illustrates such activities as
feeding; use of sleeping trees; interactions between males and infants;
and play. Produced for college introductory classes, these videos can be
used for grades 9-12.
Family of Chimps. Produced and distributed by Bert Haanstra
Films, The Netherlands. (VHS; colt, sd.; 55 min.: 197?)
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Filmed at the Arnhem Zoo in the Netherlands, this video examine the social
life of a group of chimpanzees - the relationship between the adult males,
the variety of play patterns, and the ingenuity of the troop in defending
and exploring their environment. Recommended for grades 9-12.
Introduction to Chimpanzee Behavior. Produced and distributed
by the National Geographic Society, Washington, DC. (VHS; colt, sd.; 23 min.: 1977)
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A shorter introduction to Jane Goodall's work with the wild chimpanzees.
The video opens with a brief interview with Louis Leakey discussing the
importance of studying chimpanzee behavior, and a short history of chimpanzee
research at Gombe National Park. It introduces many of the Gombe chimps, such
as old Flo and her family, made famous through Goodall's work. Many chimp
behaviors are shown, including care of infants, play, grooming, courtship
and mating, displays and aggression, vocalizations, submission gestures and
tool use. This video reintroduces many of the ideas found in the "Primate
Behavior" slide set, and is recommended for grades 5 and up. [See Among
The Wild Chimpanzees for older students.]
Snow Monkeys. of Japan (aka Extinct Is Forever
). Produced by McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 330 Progress
Ave., Scarborough, Ontario, Canada. Distributed by Aims Media, 6901 Woodley
Avenue, Van Nuys, CA 91406. (VHS; colt, sd.; 6 min.: 1975)
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This short video looks at the behavior and habitat of a Japanese macaque
troop that has learned to use the hot springs found in the Yakoya River
district of Japan. Other behaviors shown include grooming, playing and
washing food. There are some minor factual errors in the narration. Recommended
for grades 4-8.
